Electoral Reform in New Zealand has brought many new political uncertainties, complexities and challenges, not to mention numerous frustrations and disappointments. While repeated demands have been made for MMP to be replaced – and the sooner the better – with a less proportional system, other voices have called for patience and caution, arguing that the new electoral system needs a longer period of time before it can be properly evaluated.

Amidst the continuing debate over the merits and future of MMP, this book examines how various European democracies practice the art and craft of political management within the context of proportional representation. Particular attention is given to the experience of four relatively unitary states, namely Ireland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Based on interviews with leading politicians, public servants, political advisers and academics, the author examines the process of government formation, coalition management and the operation of minority governments, and outlines some of the key lessons for New Zealand as its political institutions grapple with the consequences of electoral reform.

It is argued that if MMP is to be retained, serious consideration should be given to the implementation of various constitutional changes desined to enhance political certainty and governmental durability. These include:

• requiring parliament to meet within 30 days of a general election;
• changing the prociess of government formation, including the introduction of a formal investiture vote;
• introducing either a ‘constructive’ vote of no confidence or a resignation rule under which an absolute majority of all MPs would need to vote against a government on a motion of censure in order to force its resignation;
• introducing a fixed or semi-fixed parliamentary term; and
• extending the term of Parliament to four years.